Dunai, Tamás:
Dunai, Tamás:
Developmental Disorders
In July 2023, the Government Office of the Capital City Budapest (BFKH) imposed a 12 million forints consumer protection fine on the Líra bookstore network for failing to wrap, as prescribed by law, a young adult graphic novel depicting gay love called Heartstopper. Comics are not the main focus of the discourse on wrapping LGBTQ books in Hungary, yet it is not entirely coincidental that a graphic novel has become the case in point provoking nationwide interest. This paper suggests that this is partly owing to the medial and developmental characteristics of comics as a medium. Medial in that comics is a visual medium and its content is apparent at first sight, so similar attacks have occurred throughout its history, and developmental in that contemporary comics are diverse in terms of genre and content and hence LGBTQ comics have a more marked presence than they did a few decades ago.
Keywords: bookseller, comics, comics publishing, distribution, regulation
Médiakutató Autumn-Winter 2024 pp. 39–45 https://doi.org/10.55395/MK.2024.3-4.3
Gálik, Mihály:
Gálik, Mihály:
Setting about
The launch of satellite television services in the 1980s challenged the regulation of the television industry in Europe as these services, called television without frontiers (TWF), emerged on the previously closed markets of European countries. The need for a common regulatory framework within the European Economic Community (EEC) led to the enacting of the TWF directive in 1989. Responding to technical and economic innovations in the television industry, the TWF directive was modified decade after decade. The recent proposal for regulation by the European Parliament and the Council (the European Media Freedom Act, abbreviated EMFA) is to establish a common framework for media services in the internal market and is amending directive 2010/13/EU on audiovisual services. EMFA covers all media services and as such it is representing a legal innovation within the European Union
Keywords: European Union, market, media freedom, media services, regulation
Médiakutató Autumn 2023 pp. 9-14 https://doi.org/10.55395/MK.2023.3.1
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